When most people think about snakes, the image of a tropical jungle or the deserts of Africa comes to mind—not the green fields of the United Kingdom. Yet, snakes do live here in Britain, quietly existing in our countryside, woodlands, and even gardens.
In this article, I’m going to walk you through everything you need to know about snakes in the UK: from the species you might encounter, to their habitats, whether they’re dangerous, conservation efforts, and even what to do if you come across one. I’ll also share some myths and truths about British snakes and give you practical tips if you’re curious—or cautious—about them.
Are There Snakes in the UK?
Yes, there are! While we don’t have the variety of snakes you’ll find in warmer countries, the UK is home to three native snake species and one introduced species. These snakes are shy, often misunderstood, and play an important role in the ecosystem.
The three native snakes in the UK are:
- Adder (Vipera berus) – The UK’s only venomous snake.
- Grass snake (Natrix helvetica) – A harmless snake, often found near water.
- Smooth snake (Coronella austriaca) – A rare and secretive species.
And then, we have one introduced species:
- Aesculapian snake (Zamenis longissimus) – Non-venomous, living in a few small areas of the UK.
The 3 Native Snake Species in the UK
Let’s look at each of them more closely.
1. The Adder – Britain’s Only Venomous Snake
The adder is probably the most well-known snake in the UK because it’s the only venomous one. But don’t panic—the adder is not aggressive and bites are extremely rare.
- Appearance: They usually have a striking zig-zag pattern down their back and can be grey, brown, or reddish in colour.
- Size: Around 50–60 cm on average.
- Habitat: Heathlands, moorlands, woodland edges, and coastal dunes.
- Behaviour: Adders are shy and will avoid humans if given the chance. Most bites occur when they are accidentally stepped on or picked up.
Are adder bites dangerous?
To humans, adder bites can be painful but are very rarely fatal. Medical attention is needed, but deaths are almost unheard of (fewer than 15 in the last century).
2. The Grass Snake – Harmless and Friendly
The grass snake is Britain’s longest native snake and completely harmless.
- Appearance: Greenish with dark spots, and a distinctive yellow collar around its neck.
- Size: Can grow up to 1.5 metres—the largest of our snakes.
- Habitat: Loves wetlands, ponds, and rivers where it hunts amphibians like frogs and newts.
- Behaviour: Non-venomous and often seen basking in the sun.
Fun fact: Grass snakes sometimes play dead by flipping onto their back with their mouth open and tongue hanging out when threatened.
3. The Smooth Snake – Rare and Secretive
The smooth snake is Britain’s rarest native snake, found only in a few parts of southern England.
- Appearance: Slim, grey-brown snake with smooth scales (hence the name).
- Size: Usually 50–70 cm.
- Habitat: Heathlands in Dorset, Hampshire, and Surrey.
- Behaviour: Non-venomous and feeds mostly on lizards and small mammals.
Because they’re so rare and protected by law, spotting one is a very special experience.
Non-Native Snakes in the UK
The Aesculapian Snake
This snake is not native to Britain but has established small populations, especially in North Wales and London (near the Regent’s Canal).
- Appearance: Olive-green, slim-bodied.
- Size: Can grow up to 2 metres!
- Behaviour: Harmless to humans, feeds on rodents.
Snake Habitats in the UK
Snakes in the UK prefer areas where they can hunt, hide, and bask in the sun. You’ll often find them in:
- Heathlands
- Grasslands
- Woodland edges
- Sand dunes
- Near ponds, lakes, or rivers
Because snakes are cold-blooded, they need warm spots to regulate their temperature. That’s why you might spot them basking on rocks, paths, or even garden patios during sunny days.
When Are Snakes Active in the UK?
Snakes in the UK hibernate through the winter and usually emerge in March or April, becoming most active in the summer months (May–September). They’ll bask in the sun during the morning, hunt during the day, and retreat at night.
In colder months (October–February), they hibernate underground, in log piles, or in burrows.
Are Snakes in the UK Dangerous?
This is one of the most frequently asked questions. The short answer is no, not really.
- Only the adder has venom, and bites are rare.
- Grass snakes and smooth snakes are harmless.
- Most snakes avoid humans and won’t attack unless provoked.
While snakes may seem intimidating, the risk in the UK is minimal.
What To Do If You See a Snake in the UK
- Stay calm – Don’t panic or make sudden movements.
- Give it space – Step back and let the snake move away.
- Don’t try to pick it up – Most bites happen when people interfere.
- Observe from a distance – It’s a rare sight, so enjoy the moment.
Conservation of Snakes in the UK
Snakes play a vital role in controlling pests like rodents. Sadly, their numbers are declining due to:
- Habitat loss
- Pollution
- Climate change
- Human fear and persecution
Both the smooth snake and the adder are protected by UK law. Conservation projects focus on preserving heathlands and wetlands, creating safe habitats, and educating the public about their importance.
Myths and Misconceptions About Snakes in the UK
- “All snakes are dangerous.” False—only adders have venom, and they’re not aggressive.
- “Snakes chase people.” Not true—snakes prefer to escape.
- “There are giant snakes in Britain.” False—apart from a few non-native species, our snakes are small.
- “Snakes are slimy.” Not at all—their scales are dry and smooth.
How to Encourage Snakes in Your Garden (Safely)
If you love wildlife, you can make your garden snake-friendly:
- Create log piles or compost heaps.
- Add a small pond for frogs and amphibians.
- Avoid using pesticides.
- Let part of your garden grow wild.
Snakes help control slugs, rodents, and pests, making them an ally for gardeners.
Comparison Table: Snakes in the UK
| Snake | Venomous? | Size | Habitat | Commonly Found |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adder | Yes (mild venom) | 50–60 cm | Heathlands, dunes, woods | Across England, Scotland, Wales |
| Grass Snake | No | Up to 1.5 m | Wetlands, rivers, gardens | Southern & central England |
| Smooth Snake | No | 50–70 cm | Heathlands | Dorset, Hampshire, Surrey |
| Aesculapian Snake | No | Up to 2 m | Near canals, woodlands | North Wales, London |
FAQs About Snakes in the UK
Q1. What is the most common snake in the UK?
The grass snake is the most common and widely spread species.
Q2. Are there snakes in Scotland?
Yes, the adder is found in parts of Scotland, but other species are rare.
Q3. What should I do if I get bitten by an adder?
Stay calm, keep the affected limb still, and seek medical attention immediately.
Q4. Can snakes come into gardens?
Yes, especially grass snakes. They’re harmless and actually help with pest control.
Q5. Do snakes live in London?
Yes—mainly grass snakes and some non-native Aesculapian snakes.
Final Thoughts
Snakes in the UK may not be as exotic as those in other parts of the world, but they’re fascinating creatures. They’re part of our natural heritage, quietly living alongside us and contributing to the balance of nature.
The next time you’re out for a walk in the countryside or sitting in your garden, keep an eye out—you might just spot one of Britain’s secretive snakes. And instead of fear, maybe you’ll feel a little appreciation for these misunderstood reptiles.
Written by
Imtiaz Ivan
Chief Editor at Animal Ranger